Which theory of evolution claims that natural processes alone led to the earth's formation?

The theory that claims that natural processes alone led to the earth's formation is Naturalistic Evolution, also known as Neo-Darwinism. This perspective asserts that all evolutionary changes can be explained through natural mechanisms such as natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and other processes without invoking any supernatural intervention. According to this view, the development of life and the complexities of biological systems arose through a series of natural events over long periods of time, firmly grounding it in the scientific understanding of the natural world.

Other theories, such as Theistic Evolution, incorporate a belief in divine guidance alongside natural processes, suggesting that God used evolution as a tool in creation. Progressive Creationism posits that God created life forms progressively over time but also does not deny divine intervention in the formation of Earth or life. Intelligent Design argues that certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process like natural selection. In contrast, Naturalistic Evolution focuses solely on natural laws and processes as the explanation for the origins of life and the earth, making it distinct among the options provided.