Which king conquered Babylon in 539 BC, leading to the Jewish people's return?

The correct answer is Cyrus. In 539 BC, Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, conquered Babylon and issued a decree that allowed the Jewish people to return to their homeland after years of exile. This decree was significant because it fulfilled the prophecies in the Hebrew Bible regarding the restoration of the Jewish people to Jerusalem and their temple following the Babylonian captivity. Cyrus's policy of allowing conquered peoples to return to their lands and practice their own religions was a hallmark of his rule and contributed to his reputation as a liberator.

In the broader historical context, this event is pivotal as it marked the beginning of the second temple period in Jewish history. It illustrates the transition in power and has profound implications for Jewish identity and religion. Cyrus's actions are detailed in the Book of Ezra, underscoring his role in facilitating the Jewish return to Jerusalem, where they would rebuild their temple and restore their community.

Understanding the significance of Cyrus in this historical context highlights the intersection of politics, culture, and religion during this transformative period in Jewish history.